C++樹林– category –

Introduction When dynamic memory is allocated using new in C++, it must always be manually released using delete. Forgetting to do so causes memory leaks. To solve this problem, C++11 introduced std::unique_ptr, a smart pointer that auto...

Introduction When programming in C++, you often encounter data that needs to be treated as a pair, such as "key and value," "first name and last name," or "x-coordinate and y-coordinate." For this purpose, the C++ standard library <ut...

Introduction In C++ classes, member variables (data members) usually hold individual values for each object. If you create two objects, car1 and car2, from a Car class, their gas (gasoline level) is managed separately. However, there are...

Introduction When using standard algorithms like std::sort or std::find_if in C++, defining a separate function just to specify a condition can be tedious. Lambda expressions, introduced in C++11, answer the need for "disposable, simple ...

Introduction In C++, you may want a variable that can store one of several different types, such as "maybe an int, maybe a string." Conventional unions solve this problem, but they have low type safety because you have to manage which ty...

Introduction std::unique_ptr in C++ is a smart pointer that guarantees a resource has only one owner. However, there are times when you want to share and use the same object from multiple locations. std::shared_ptr realizes this "shared ...

Introduction Just as a C++ constructor is an initialization process called automatically the moment an object is "born," a Destructor is a special member function called automatically just before an object "vanishes" from memory to perfo...

Introduction In C++ and C structures (struct), there are cases where you want to copy the contents of one variable exactly into another variable. While it is possible to copy members one by one like destination.id = source.id;, this beco...

Introduction In C++, four different cast operators are provided to perform explicit type conversion (casting), such as converting an int to a double, or a parent class pointer to a child class pointer. These are safer than the old C-styl...

Introduction In C++ classes, it is common practice to "declare (prototype)" member functions inside the class definition and "implement (process content)" them outside the class. However, for functions with very short processing, writing...

Introduction When handling C-style strings in C++ or C, there are two very similar methods: Using a Pointer: const char* ptr = "text"; Using an Array: char arr[100]; These are similar yet distinct, and using them without understanding th...

Introduction C++ Templates are a powerful feature that allows you to write generic code by parameterizing types. They not only generalize functions and classes but also dramatically improve the expressiveness of C++, enabling handling of...

Introduction When programming in C++ or C, data type names can sometimes become very long, such as unsigned long long int. Additionally, there are times when you want to distinguish the "meaning" of variables within the program, even if ...

Introduction In C++, there are frequent situations where you want to convert numbers to strings, convert strings to numbers, or split a space-separated string into individual words. By using "String Streams" provided by the standard libr...

Introduction Structures (struct) in C++ and C are convenient features for grouping related variables into one unit, but their true value is demonstrated when they are nested. You can have a variable of another structure type as a member ...

Introduction In multi-threaded programming, if multiple threads access the same data (shared resource) simultaneously, it can lead to data corruption or unexpected race conditions. To prevent this, we use exclusive control (locking) with...

Introduction C++ and C structures (struct) are useful for grouping related data into one unit, but their true value is unlocked when combined with arrays. By defining an "Employee" structure and then declaring an array of that structure ...

Introduction When handling std::string in C++, there are frequently situations where you want to retrieve the "length" (i.e., how many characters are contained) of the string. For this purpose, the std::string class provides two member f...

Introduction Since C++11, the standard library <thread> has supported multi-threaded programming at the language level. This allows you to implement parallel processing, such as performing heavy calculations in the background while...

Introduction In programming, when you want to manage "Student" information, multiple different pieces of data are related, such as "Student ID (int type)," "Name (string type)," and "Average Score (double type)." Managing these variables...

"Is this heavy loop processing too slow?" In C++ development, the execution speed of computationally intensive for-loops is always a challenge. Modern CPUs usually have multiple cores. It is a waste not to use this power. In this article...

Introduction In C++, there are cases where you want to return multiple values from a function or temporarily handle data of several different types in a single variable. For this purpose, the std::tuple class was introduced in C++11. std...

Introduction One of the powerful features of C++ and C is "pointers." A pointer is a special variable used to hold the memory address where a variable is stored. You can also use this pointer mechanism for structures. By declaring a "poi...

The most common way to share data safely between threads is locking with Mutex. However, locks can cause thread waiting (blocking) and often become performance bottlenecks. In this article, I will explain atomic operations, a lower-level...

Introduction In learning C++, displaying results on the console (black screen) to check program behavior and variable contents is the most basic operation. This standard output function is provided by std::cout (short for character outpu...

Introduction When exchanging data between different systems, such as in network communication or reading/writing binary files, the difference in Endianness (Byte Order) can be a problem. Endianness refers to the order in which data consi...

Introduction In C++, functions potentially throw exceptions. However, there are many functions, such as getter functions or move constructors, that we know "will absolutely not throw an exception." The noexcept specifier, introduced in C...

Introduction The <filesystem> library introduced in C++17 provides the std::filesystem::path class for handling file system paths uniformly. This path object abstracts differences in path separators between operating systems (such ...

Introduction In C++, after starting a thread with std::thread, you typically need to wait for it to finish using .join(). However, there are times when you want to "start it and leave it to finish in the background" without the main thre...

Introduction "Inheritance" is one of the three pillars of Object-Oriented Programming. It is a powerful mechanism that allows you to define a new class by inheriting the functions (member variables and member functions) of an existing cl...